Part One: METHODS FOR GENERALIZED COST-EFFECTIVENESS -- Ch. 1. What is generalized cost-effectiveness analysis? -- Ch. 2. Undertaking a study using GCEA -- Ch. 3. Estimating costs -- Ch. 4. Estimating health effects -- Ch. 5. Discounting -- Ch. 6. Uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis -- Ch. 7. Policy uses of generalized CEA -- Ch. 8. Reporting CEA results -- Ch. 9. Summary of recommendations -- Annex A. WHO-CHOICE activities on generalized cost-effectiveness analysis -- Annex B. Draft list of intervention clusters for evaluation by WHO-CHOICE -- Annex C. An illustration of the types of costs included in a selection of intervention activities at central levels -- Annex D. Interpreting international dollars -- Annex E. DALYs to measure burden of dollars -- Annex F. Measuring intervention benefit at the population level -- Annex G. Epidemiological subregions as applied in WHO generalized CEA -- Part Two: BACKGROUND PAPERS AND APPLICATIONS -- Ch. 1. Development of WHO guidelines on generalized cost-effectiveness analysis -- Ch. 2. PopMod: a longitudinal population model with two interacting disease states -- Ch. 3. Programme costs in the economic evaluation of health interventions -- Ch. 4. Econometric estimation of country-specific hospital costs -- Ch. 5. Stochastic league tables: communicating cost-effectiveness results to decision-makers -- Ch. 6. Uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis: probabilistic uncertainty analysis and stochastic league tables -- Ch. 7. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk -- Ch. 8. Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis: an aid to decision making in health -- Ch. 9. Ethical issues in the use of cost effectiveness analysis for the prioritization of health care resources.